Muscular Origins & Insertions Laminated Reference Guide

Muscular Origins &
Insertions Laminated Reference Guide



Muscular Origins & Insertions Laminated Reference Guide Barcharts | 2003 | ISBN: 1572227540,1423207394 | 2 pages | PDF | 20 MB

Beautifully illustrated sections from various views, labeled clearly for easy reference. Illustrations by award-winning medical illustrator Vince Perez. 2 page laminated guide includes: -arm anterior view -head & trunk anterior view -clavicle superior view -leg & foot anterior view -hand palmar view -hyoid bone superior view -foot dorsal view -clavicle inferior -head & trunk posterior view -leg & foot posterior view -hand dorsal view -base of skull -foot plantar view.

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Weight Loss Teen Gastric Bypass Can Increase Risk of Birth Defects

Weight Loss

Teen Gastric Bypass Can Increase Risk of Birth Defects

While the benefits of gastric bypass surgery are many—increased life expectancy, lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure, reduction in cardiac disease—there is controversy when it comes to teenagers and this life-altering surgery. This type of surgery is being used more frequently on adolescents who are morbidly obese, but there are concerns about the effectiveness, safety, and long-term benefits in this age group.

Research has shown that gastric bypass can have an extreme effect, not only on weight, but on diabetes, reducing and even eliminating type 2 diabetes in a teenage study. A 2008 study “found that, in most cases, teens can lose one-third of their weight and come off diabetes medications with remission of their diabetes one year after bypass surgery. This is certainly not the case for similar diabetic teenage patients who did not undergo surgery.”

While the risk of death is low in adults, falling below 1 percent, there are other complications and resulting issues for teens considering this surgery, namely birth defects. The various surgical procedures used on the morbidly obese can reduce the absorption of critical vitamins and minerals, particularly folic acid. That reduction can lead to a higher risk of birthing babies with spine and brain birth defects, according to a new study. Folic acid is a key element in the prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects.

While vitamin and mineral supplements should be come a part of the daily, and lifetime, regimen of patients who have undergone, teenagers are notoriously neglectful when it comes to this necessary routine. In fact, some research shows that only 14 percent of teens adhere to their daily supplments.

Bruce Wolfe, surgeon and co-chair of the National Institutes of Health research consortium on bariatric surgery, said, “You can’t just write off these birth defects because they are rare. But there are adverse effects from the obesity as well. So the practical and ethical dilemma is at what point do you deny a tremendously beneficial procedure.”

Joan Han of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, suggest that weight-loss surgery should be considered with extreme caution and only in the most obese who had exhausted all other avenues.

Child Health Teenage Obesity Often Carried Into Adulthood

Child Health

Teenage Obesity Often Carried Into Adulthood

It’s not uncommon to gain weight as we age. As adolescents we get taller and add weight to fill out the proportion, but there is a time when we stop sprouting up and weight should stabilize. However, a new study shows that teens who don’t maintain a healthy weight and become obese, have a high likelihood of becoming severely obese by the age of thirty.
Teenage obesity is a growing problem, an issue derived from poor eating habits, lack of physical education in the schools, and an increasing addiction to television, computers, and video games. Being obese during childhood and adolescence increases the risk for health problems associated with cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension, But teens who already have weight challenges are in for an even tougher time as adults, as they are seven times more likely to become severely obese compared to their normal-weight peers. For females and some ethnic minorities, the likelihood is over 50 percent.
The study, out of the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina, monitored 8,834 participants, age 12-21, for thirteen years. For those whose weight was in normal range at the onset, only 5 percent aged into severely obese, while 51.3 percent of females and 37.1 percent of males who were obese as teenagers morphed into a severely obese adult.
While diet and exercise are the safest methods for teens to lose weight, gastric bypass surgery is becoming more popular with obese teens. While the benefits of gastric bypass surgery are many—increased life expectancy, lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure, reduction in cardiac disease—there is controversy when it comes to teenagers and this life-altering surgery. While the risk of death is low in adults, falling below 1 percent, there are other complications and resulting issues for teens considering this surgery, one of which is birth defects. The various surgical procedures used on the morbidly obese can reduce the absorption of critical vitamins and minerals, particularly folic acid. That reduction can lead to a higher risk of birthing babies with spine and brain birth defects.
But despite the life-extending benefits bariatric surgery may provide, experts like Dr. David L. Katz, director of the Prevention Research Center at Yale University School of Medicine, argue that bariatric surgery does not deal with the cause of the obesity epidemic among teens. “A large and growing proportion of all children and adolescents are subject to obesity, and its complications,” Katz said. “Surgery can mitigate those complications, but can we really condone ushering more and more young people through the OR doors for a major surgical procedure to fix what policies and programs that foster healthful eating and regular activity could have prevented in the first place?” Katz says it should be a last resort and that “we should do all we can to minimize the need for this procedure by combating the root causes of obesity in our society.”
Thirty-four percent of adult Americans are carrying around enough extra pounds to be considered obese, and that additional weight can cause moderate to severe health problems, add heath care costs, and shorten lives.  It is crucial that we pay attention to our children’s health, eating habits and weight. As parents, it is incumbent upon us to set a good example and make sure that our children are healthy, to avoid future health problems and traumas.

Child Health

Teenage Marijuana Use May Damage Cognitive Function

 From the knockdown that legalized pot took in the California election to Arizona approving the use of medical marijuana, rarely a day goes by without good old cannabis hitting the headlines. Marijuana has been a controversial drug for most of the twentieth century with both citizens and lawmakers jumping into the fray on one side or the other. One day there is a report on the benefits, the next the hazards of the illicit “weed.” Rarely is there enough evidence to sway anyone from changing camps. Today’s story on a new study probably won’t be much different, but it does speak to the use of marijuana in adolescence.

Neuroscientists out of McClean Hospital in Massachusetts conducted a small study testing mental focus and flexibility. They found that damage to the brain can be more severe if started prior to the age of 16, and that starting prior to that age leads to more regular use of the drug.

“Age really does matter,” said Staci Gruber, director of the Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core at McLean. “Early onset is related to more frequent and higher magnitude of use and significantly greater impairment on these tasks, which ultimately could result in greater difficulty with everyday life activities and decision-making. That’s a problem.”

The study, conducted with only 33 marijuana users and 26 non-users, tested cognitive function, memory and the ability to focus with distraction. In all cases, the users scored worse than the non-users, and the more grams of marijuana they smoked per week, the worse they did. Even after participants were given the corrections, many continue to make the same mistakes.

Brain development occurs into a person’s twenties, during which time the brain is most vulnerable. Research such as this can help to formulate guidelines for possible future legalization, keeping it out of the hands of minors, similar to laws for alcohol use.

Child Health

Rise in Teenage Eating Disorders

The American Academy of Pediatrics is now recommending that all adolescents and pre-teens be screened for eating disorders at their regular check-ups, given the increase in prevalence among these age groups. In fact, hospitalizations for eating disorders jumped by 119 percent between 1999 and 2006 for kids younger than 12 and severe cases of both anorexia and bulimia have risen, as has “partial syndrome” eating disorders (where some, but not all, of the symptoms occur).
While gender, body type, and weight can be indicators of an eating disorder, it is becoming more common for both boys and overweight children to succumb to an eating disorder. Therefore, when evaluating patients, pediatricians should not only track weight and height, but body mass index (BMI), menstrual cycles in girls, and be specific about questioning diet, eating patterns, and body image.
A report published in the December issue of Pediatrics, contains a review of more than 200 recent studies on eating disorders, conducted by Dr. David Rosen, a professor of pediatrics at University of Michigan, and his colleagues. Findings included the increasing incidence of eating disorders in boys and that .5 percent of adolescent girls have anorexia nervosa, and between 1 percent and 2 percent meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa.
People with anorexia have a distorted body image that causes them to see themselves as overweight even when they’re dangerously thin. Often refusing to eat, exercising compulsively, and developing unusual habits such as refusing to eat in front of others, they lose large amounts of weight and may even starve to death. Physical problems associated with anorexia nervosa include damage to the heart and other vital organs, low blood pressure, slowed heartbeat, constipation, abdominal pain, loss of muscle mass, hair loss, sensitivity to the cold, and fine body hair growth.
Individuals with bulimia eat to excess and then purge their bodies of the food and calories by using laxatives, enemas, or diuretics, vomiting and/ or exercising. Often acting in secrecy, they feel ashamed as they binge, yet relieved of tension and negative emotions once their stomachs are empty. Complications associated with bulimia nervosa include damage to the heart, kidneys, reproductive system, intestinal tract, esophagus, teeth, and mouth.
While eating disorders may start with preoccupations with food and weight, they are most often about much more than food. People with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming.
While eating disorders in preteens and teenagers is cause for concern, proper treatment can lead to a full recovery and the odds of permanently changing eating habits and body image for the better has far more success in these age groups than they do in adults.  According to the report, “If followed out to more than 10 years, the majority of patients fully recover, and an even larger proportion have a behavioral cure (normal eating, normal weight, and resumption of menses)."
Choosing to eat a healthy diet is important for maintaining health and weight. Your guide to eating healthy and choosing the right diet can be found in the HealthNews diet pages.